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The Not So Well-Known Benefits Of Free Evolution
What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the creation of new species and alteration of the appearance of existing species.

에볼루션사이트 has been demonstrated by many examples such as the stickleback fish species that can thrive in fresh or saltwater and walking stick insect species that prefer specific host plants. These mostly reversible traits permutations do not explain the fundamental changes in the basic body plan.

Evolution through Natural Selection

The evolution of the myriad living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has intrigued scientists for decades. The most well-known explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection, which occurs when individuals that are better adapted survive and reproduce more effectively than those that are less well-adapted. As time passes, a group of well adapted individuals grows and eventually becomes a new species.

Natural selection is a cyclical process that involves the interaction of three elements: variation, inheritance and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the transfer of a person's genetic characteristics to their offspring which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing viable, fertile offspring. This can be achieved through sexual or asexual methods.

Natural selection is only possible when all of these factors are in balance. For example the case where an allele that is dominant at one gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele the dominant allele will be more prominent in the population. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. This process is self-reinforcing, which means that an organism with an adaptive trait will live and reproduce far more effectively than those with a maladaptive trait. The more offspring an organism produces, the greater its fitness, which is measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive. People with desirable characteristics, like longer necks in giraffes or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely survive and produce offspring, so they will become the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection only affects populations, not individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution that states that animals acquire traits due to the use or absence of use. If a giraffe stretches its neck in order to catch prey and its neck gets longer, then the offspring will inherit this characteristic. The length difference between generations will continue until the neck of the giraffe becomes so long that it can no longer breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

In the process of genetic drift, alleles of a gene could be at different frequencies in a group through random events. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become widespread enough to not more be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles will decrease in frequency. This could lead to a dominant allele at the extreme. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity decreases to zero. In a small population this could lead to the complete elimination the recessive gene. This is known as the bottleneck effect and is typical of the evolutionary process that occurs when a large number individuals migrate to form a group.

A phenotypic bottleneck could happen when the survivors of a disaster such as an epidemic or a massive hunting event, are concentrated within a narrow area. The survivors will share a dominant allele and thus will have the same phenotype. This may be the result of a war, earthquake, or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, if it is left susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Lewens, and Ariew employ Lewens, Walsh and Ariew employ a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any deviation from expected values for differences in fitness. They give a famous instance of twins who are genetically identical, share the exact same phenotype and yet one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.

This type of drift can play a very important part in the evolution of an organism. But, it's not the only method to evolve. The most common alternative is a process called natural selection, in which the phenotypic diversity of the population is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens claims that there is a big difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force, or a cause and treating other causes of evolution, such as selection, mutation, and migration as forces or causes. He claims that a causal process account of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift has both direction, i.e., it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined based on population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

When students in high school study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution, commonly referred to as "Lamarckism is based on the idea that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms adopting traits that result from the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by the image of a giraffe stretching its neck to reach leaves higher up in the trees. This could cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, who would then grow even taller.


Lamarck the French zoologist, presented an idea that was revolutionary in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate materials through a series gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this might be the case, but he is widely seen as giving the subject its first broad and comprehensive analysis.

The prevailing story is that Lamarckism grew into a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection and both theories battled out in the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately prevailed, leading to what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies acquired characteristics are passed down from generation to generation and instead argues organisms evolve by the selective influence of environmental elements, like Natural Selection.

Lamarck and his contemporaries believed in the notion that acquired characters could be passed down to future generations. However, this concept was never a major part of any of their theories about evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It's been over 200 year since Lamarck's birth and in the field of age genomics, there is an increasing body of evidence that supports the heritability acquired characteristics. This is sometimes called "neo-Lamarckism" or, more often, epigenetic inheritance. This is a version that is as reliable as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle for survival. This view is inaccurate and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a fight to survive in a specific environment. This could be a challenge for not just other living things but also the physical environment.

To understand how evolution works, it is helpful to think about what adaptation is. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows a living organism to live in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological feature, such as feathers or fur, or a behavioral trait, such as moving to the shade during hot weather or coming out at night to avoid the cold.

The capacity of an organism to draw energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms and their physical environments is essential to its survival. The organism must have the right genes to create offspring and to be able to access sufficient food and resources. Moreover, the organism must be able to reproduce itself at an optimal rate within its niche.

These factors, together with gene flow and mutation, lead to a change in the proportion of alleles (different varieties of a particular gene) in the population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the emergence of new traits and eventually new species.

Many of the features that we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, like lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation long legs to run away from predators, and camouflage to hide. To understand adaptation, it is important to discern between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physiological adaptations like thick fur or gills, are physical traits, while behavioral adaptations, like the tendency to search for companions or to retreat into the shade in hot weather, are not. Furthermore it is important to understand that a lack of thought does not mean that something is an adaptation. In fact, failing to consider the consequences of a decision can render it unadaptive, despite the fact that it may appear to be sensible or even necessary.