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The Academy's Evolution Site

The concept of biological evolution is among the most fundamental concepts in biology. The Academies have long been involved in helping people who are interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it influences all areas of scientific exploration.

This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a range of learning resources about evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.


Tree of Life

The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is used in many cultures and spiritual beliefs as a symbol of unity and love. It has many practical applications as well, including providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they respond to changing environmental conditions.

The first attempts to depict the biological world were founded on categorizing organisms on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which are based on the collection of various parts of organisms or short fragments of DNA have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2. These trees are mostly populated of eukaryotes, while the diversity of bacterial species is greatly underrepresented3,4.

In avoiding 에볼루션게이밍 of direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way. We can construct trees by using molecular methods like the small-subunit ribosomal gene.

Despite the massive expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still remains to be discovered. This is particularly true of microorganisms, which can be difficult to cultivate and are typically only represented in a single sample5. Recent analysis of all genomes has produced a rough draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a wide range of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that haven't yet been isolated, or their diversity is not thoroughly understood6.

The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, which can help to determine whether specific habitats require protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, from identifying new treatments to fight disease to improving crop yields. It is also valuable for conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be vulnerable to anthropogenic change. While funds to protect biodiversity are important, the most effective way to conserve the world's biodiversity is to empower the people of developing nations with the knowledge they need to act locally and support conservation.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between organisms. Using molecular data similarities and differences in morphology, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can create a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories. Phylogeny plays a crucial role in understanding biodiversity, genetics and evolution.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms with similar traits and evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits can be homologous, or analogous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary journey. 에볼루션코리아 could appear similar, but they do not share the same origins. Scientists organize similar traits into a grouping known as a Clade. Every organism in a group have a common characteristic, like amniotic egg production. They all came from an ancestor who had these eggs. The clades are then connected to form a phylogenetic branch to identify organisms that have the closest relationship.

Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular information to construct a phylogenetic graph that is more precise and detailed. This information is more precise and gives evidence of the evolution of an organism. Researchers can use Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of organisms and identify the number of organisms that have a common ancestor.

The phylogenetic relationships of organisms can be affected by a variety of factors including phenotypic plasticity, a kind of behavior that changes in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar in one species than another, clouding the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be cured by the use of techniques such as cladistics which incorporate a combination of similar and homologous traits into the tree.

In addition, phylogenetics helps determine the duration and rate at which speciation takes place. This information can assist conservation biologists make decisions about which species to protect from extinction. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will result in a complete and balanced ecosystem.

Evolutionary Theory

The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms develop distinct characteristics over time based on their interactions with their environments. Many scientists have come up with theories of evolution, such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that an organism could develop according to its own needs and needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who suggested that the use or non-use of certain traits can result in changes that can be passed on to future generations.

In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from a variety of fields--including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance -- came together to create the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory which explains how evolution occurs through the variations of genes within a population, and how these variants change in time due to natural selection. This model, which encompasses mutations, genetic drift, gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described mathematically.

Recent advances in evolutionary developmental biology have revealed how variation can be introduced to a species through genetic drift, mutations, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, and even migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as directional selection and gene erosion (changes to the frequency of genotypes over time) can result in evolution. Evolution is defined as changes in the genome over time as well as changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes in individuals).

Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can increase students' understanding of phylogeny and evolutionary. In a study by Grunspan and co., it was shown that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their acceptance of evolution during a college-level course in biology. For more information on how to teach about evolution, see The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Traditionally, scientists have studied evolution by looking back, studying fossils, comparing species and studying living organisms. However, evolution isn't something that happened in the past. It's an ongoing process happening today. Viruses evolve to stay away from new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. 에볼루션코리아 alter their behavior as a result of a changing environment. The results are usually evident.

But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The reason is that different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and can be passed down from one generation to the next.

In the past, if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour was present in a population of organisms that interbred, it might become more common than any other allele. As time passes, this could mean that the number of moths sporting black pigmentation in a population may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

The ability to observe evolutionary change is easier when a particular species has a rapid turnover of its generation like bacteria. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected frequently and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.

Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the effectiveness at which a population reproduces. It also shows that evolution takes time, a fact that is hard for some to accept.

Another example of microevolution is the way mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides show up more often in populations in which insecticides are utilized. Pesticides create an enticement that favors those who have resistant genotypes.

The speed at which evolution takes place has led to an increasing awareness of its significance in a world shaped by human activity, including climate change, pollution and the loss of habitats that prevent many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make better decisions regarding the future of our planet, and the lives of its inhabitants.